Crossword puzzle clue "stripped off"

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Here are the possible solutions for stripped off clue

Answer
Clue
Relevancy
flayed
Clue
Stripped the skin off a body
Definition
FLAY, to strip off skin or hide
peeled
Clue
Stripped (off)
Definition
PEEL, to remove the outer covering of a fruit
ali
Clue
His title was stripped in '67
His title was stripped in 1967
His crown was stripped in 1967
bare
Clue
Stripped
Stripped Matt Nathanson song?
Definition
unclothed, uncovered
bared
Clue
Stripped
Definition
BARE, to make bare

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